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NEW QUESTION # 12
What is the purpose of preemption when establishing an LSP?
- A. To measure the end-to-end latency
- B. To pick the next hop during LSP signalling
- C. To tear down an existing LSP in order to accommodate higher priority traffic
- D. To assign the correct wavelengths depending on the type of traffic
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Preemption is a mechanism that allows a higher priority LSP to tear down an existing lower priority LSP in order to obtain the required resources for its establishment. Preemption can occur when there is not enough bandwidth or other resources available on a link or node to accommodate a new LSP request. In this case, the node can select one or more lower priority LSPs that are using the resources and send them a PathErr message with a Preempt error code. This causes the lower priority LSPs to beterminated and release their resources. The node can then allocate the resources to the higher priority LSP and send a Resv message to confirm its reservation34. References:
* 3: RFC 4829: Label Switched Path (LSP) Preemption Policies for MPLS Traffic Engineering4
* 4: MPLS Applications User Guide | Juniper Networks5
NEW QUESTION # 13
Which of the following statements about the Wait for Server Restoration (WSR) parameter in the MRN is correct?
- A. When WSR is true, the LO channels do not wait for the LI services to restore.
- B. When WSR is true, the LO optical channel remains in the link until the failure is fixed.
- C. When WSR is false, the LI services do not wait for the LO restoration and restore through LI switching.
- D. When WSR is false, if the failed optical channel can be restored at LO, the data traffic stays in the tunnel.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The Wait for Server Restoration (WSR) parameter in the MRN is a boolean parameter that determines whether an LI service should wait for the LO restoration or not in case of a failure.When WSR is false, the LI services do not wait for the LO restoration and restore through LI switching. This means that if an LO optical channel fails, the LI services that use that channel will switch to another available optical channel at LI layer without waiting for the LO layer to restore the failed channel. This option provides faster restoration time for LI services, but may result in suboptimal resource utilization at LO layer. When WSR is true, the LI services wait for the LO restoration and do not switch at LI layer. This means that if an LO optical channel fails, the LI services that use that channel will remain in that channel until the LO layer restores it or until a timeout occurs.
This option provides optimal resource utilization at LO layer, but may result in longer restoration time for LI services. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 3. GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 14
Which of the following information is present in every GMPLS-enabled node?
- A. The bandwidth of each client path in the entire network
- B. The state of each link in the entire network
- C. The list of LSPs created in the entire network
- D. The frequency of each client path in the entire network
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS-enabled nodes use routing protocols, such as OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE, to exchange information about the topology and the state of the links in the network12. This information includes the link attributes, such as bandwidth, wavelength, protection, and shared risk link groups (SRLGs)3. The state of each link indicates whether it is up or down, available or reserved, and so on. This information is used by GMPLS-enabled nodes to compute feasible paths for LSPs and to avoid routing loops or conflicts. The bandwidth and the frequency of each client path are not present in every GMPLS-enabled node, but only in the ingress and egress nodes that initiate and terminate the LSPs. The list of LSPs created in the entire network is also not present in every GMPLS-enabled node, but only in the nodes that are involved in the LSPs or that maintain a global view of the network. References:
* 1: GMPLS - Nokia
* 2: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 15
How can you modify the SNC Nominal Route in NFM-T?
- A. By changing the SRG constraints
- B. By putting the LSP in Test mode and moving traffic
- C. By using the Constraint Wizard to modify the constraints
- D. By using the Reroute Wizard to modify the constraints
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The SNC Nominal Route is the default or preferred route that is assigned to an LSP when it is created. The SNC Nominal Route is determined by the constraints that are specified by the user during the LSP creation process, such as cost, SRLG, color, bandwidth, protection, and regeneration. The user can modify the SNC Nominal Route in NFM-T by using the Constraint Wizard, which is a tool that allows the user to change the constraints for an existing LSP. The Constraint Wizard will then compute a new SNC Nominal Route based on the modified constraints and update the LSP accordingly34. References:
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 4: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 16
Which of the following is not a key feature of GMPLS?
- A. Restoration
- B. Resource optimization
- C. Fast protection
- D. Self-discovery
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS is a protocol suite that extends the MPLS signaling and routing capabilities to control different types of switching technologies, such as optical, TDM, and packet switching1. GMPLS has several key features, such as self-discovery, fast protection, and restoration. Self-discovery allows GMPLS nodes to automatically discover their neighbors and exchange information about their capabilities and resources2. Fast protection enables GMPLS nodes to quickly switch to backup paths in case of a failure, without relying on the control plane3. Restoration allows GMPLS nodes to dynamically establish new paths in the network after a failure, using the control plane3. Resource optimization is not a key feature of GMPLS, but rather a potential benefit of using GMPLS to efficiently utilize the network resources and avoid over-provisioning. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: GMPLS - Nokia
* 3: Traffic survivability through Protection and Restoration Combined (PRC) - YouTube
* [4]: GMPLS: Architecture and Applications - Google Books
NEW QUESTION # 17
What is the meaning of Generalized in GMPLS?
- A. GMPLS can be used for traffic types other than data packets
- B. The label can assume an extended value range, and is not constrained as it is with MPLS
- C. Switching can be based on values other than the label
- D. Unlike MPLS, GMPLS supports multi-vendor networks
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS stands for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching, which is a protocol suite that extends MPLS to control different types of switching technologies, such as optical, TDM, and packet switching1. The meaning of Generalized in GMPLS is that it can be used for traffic types other than data packets, such as wavelengths, time slots, or fibers2. GMPLS can also use implicit labels that are derived from the physical properties of the data stream, such as wavelength or timeslot, instead of explicit labels that are carried in the packet header3. This allows GMPLS to support various transport networks and applications, such as optical transport networks (OTN), wavelength switched optical networks (WSON), and automatic switched optical networks (ASON)4. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: What is MPLS and GMPLS? - Metaswitch
* 3: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 4: GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 18
What category of protocols is used by the ingress router to set up a new LSP?
- A. Signaling protocols
- B. Coloring protocols
- C. Link aggregation protocols
- D. Link management protocols
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Signaling protocols are protocols that are used by the ingress router to set up a new LSP in an MPLS network.
Signaling protocols are responsible for requesting, allocating, and releasing resources along the LSP, as well as establishing and maintaining the label bindings between the nodes. Some examples of signaling protocols are RSVP-TE, LDP, and CR-LDP34. References:
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 4: MPLS Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 5500 Series Routers, IOS XR Release 7.1.x - Implementing MPLS Label Distribution Protocol [Cisco IOS XR Software (End-of-Sale)] - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 19
How is the GMRE functionality guaranteed in Nokia equipment?
- A. Controller redundancy guarantees GMRE functionality
- B. Redundant LAN cables guarantee GMRE functionality
- C. The specific software configuration guarantees GMRE functionality
- D. Rack redundancy guarantees GMRE functionality in case of a power outage
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMRE functionality is guaranteed in Nokia equipment by controller redundancy. The controller is the hardware component that runs the GMPLS software and controls the switching fabric of the node. Each node has two controllers, one active and one standby, that synchronize their states and databases. If the active controller fails, the standby controller takes over and ensures the continuity of the GMRE functionality. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS) | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 20
What is the purpose of the RSVP-TE Notify message?
- A. It is confirmation of a node's resource reservation
- B. It is the node's alarm control channel
- C. It is a mechanism to inform non-adjacent nodes of LSP events
- D. It is a mechanism to inform the NM5 of L5P events
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
RSVP-TE Notify message is a message type defined in the RSVP-TE protocol, which is an extension of the RSVP protocol for MPLS traffic engineering. RSVP-TE Notify message is used to inform non-adjacent nodes of LSP events, such as setup, modification, or teardown. This allows the nodes to update their local state information and perform actions based on the notification. For example, a Notify message can be used to trigger a fast reroute mechanism in case of a link or node failure12. References:
* 1: RFC 3473 - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions
* 2: RFC 3471 - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Functional Description
NEW QUESTION # 21
Which of the following is not a GMPLS protocol?
- A. LMP
- B. SFD
- C. RSVP-TE
- D. OSPF-TE
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
SFD is not a GMPLS protocol, but a term used in optical networks to refer to the Source Frequency Definition, which is a parameter that specifies the frequency of a wavelength channel4. GMPLS protocols are those that enable the control and management of different types of switching technologies, such as packet, wavelength, fiber, and time-slot switching5. Some examples of GMPLS protocols are OSPF-TE, RSVP-TE, and LMP. OSPF-TE is a routing protocol that advertises the topology and the link attributes of the network6.
RSVP-TE is a signaling protocol that establishes, modifies, and releases LSPs. LMP is a link management protocol that verifies the connectivity and monitors the status of the links. References:
* 4: Source Frequency Definition (SFD) - ITU
* 5: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 6: OSPF Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) - RFC 4203
* [7]: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions - RFC 3473
* [8]: Link Management Protocol (LMP) - RFC 4204
NEW QUESTION # 22
How do you configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in an MRN network with LO and LI restoration capabilities?
- A. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Check the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box - B. Uncheck the Logical Link box Set the Port Type to Terminated Check the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box
- C. Uncheck the Logical Link box Set the Port Type to Terminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box
- D. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
To configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in an MRN network with LO and LI restoration capabilities, you need to check the Logical Link box, set the Port Type to Unterminated, check the ASON Routed box, and uncheck the ASON Tunnel box. This configuration allows you to create a logical link between two Uplink boards that can be used for LO or LI restoration. The logical link is not terminated at the Uplink board, but at the OTU board. The ASON Routed option enables the GMPLS control plane for the logical link, while the ASON Tunnel option is not applicable for Uplink boards. References : Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia, Nokia 1830 PSS-4, PSS-8, PSS-16 and PSS-32 Platforms - NATO
NEW QUESTION # 23
What is the Link Maintenance window?
- A. A wizard for modifying TE-link attributes
- B. A centralized view of the TE-link for the operator
- C. A wizard with commands to set links and nodes to maintenance
- D. A centralized alarm manager
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The Link Maintenance window is a feature of NFM-T that allows the user to perform maintenance tasks on links and nodes in a GMPLS network. The Link Maintenance window is a wizard that provides commands to set links and nodes to maintenance mode, which prevents them from being used for routing new LSPs or carrying traffic. The user can also use the Link Maintenance window to reroute existing LSPs away from the links and nodes that are in maintenance mode, either manually or automatically. The Link Maintenance window helps the user to perform network maintenance operations without disrupting the service availability or quality12. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 24
When should two physical connections belong to the same SRG?
- A. When they are fully disjoint respective to the risk of failure
- B. When they share the same risk of failure
- C. When one is the protection of the other
- D. When they are both selected during the setup process
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) is a set of links sharing a common resource, which affects all links in the set if the common resource fails5. These links share the same risk of failure and are therefore considered to belong to the same SRLG. For example, links sharing a common fiber are said to be in the same SRLG because a fault with the fiber might cause all links in the group to fail. SRLGs are used in MPLS and GMPLS networks to provide traffic engineering and protection/restoration mechanisms. When computing the secondary path for an LSP, it is preferable to find a path such that the secondary and primary paths do not have any links in common in case the SRLGs for the primary and secondary paths are disjoint6. This ensures that a single point of failure on a particular link does not bring down both the primary and secondary paths in the LSP. References:
* 5: Shared risk resource group - Wikipedia
* 6: Shared Risk Link Groups for MPLS | Junos OS | Juniper Networks
NEW QUESTION # 25
What does an SNC state of lower case "n" mean for a resource in NFM-T?
- A. Indicates it's currently using the Nominal resource assigned to it
- B. Indicates the nominal resource on a TE-link that is not in use
- C. Indicates it's using a link other than the Nominal
- D. Indicates if s a higher alarm state level
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The SNC state is a parameter that indicates the status of a resource in a GMPLS network. A resource can be a link, a wavelength, a timeslot, or a fiber. The SNC state can have different values, such as N, n, P, p, R, r, and so on. Each value has a specific meaning and implication for the resource and the LSP that uses it. The SNC state of lower case "n" means that the resource is the nominal resource on a TE-link that is notin use. A nominal resource is the default or preferred resource that is assigned to an LSP when it is created. A TE-link is a logical link that represents a set of resources that share the same attributes and constraints. A TE-link can have multiple resources, such as wavelengths or timeslots, but only one of them can be the nominal resource.
If an LSP is using a resource other than the nominal resource on a TE-link, it means that the LSP has been rerouted or switched due to a failure or a constraint violation. In this case, the SNC state of the nominal resource will be "n", indicating that it is not in use by any LSP12. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 26
Which of the following best describes the Shutting Down state in the NFM-T?
- A. A transient state where current SNCs are soft-rerouted
- B. An automatic shut down of all LSPs in the TE-link
- C. It is the same as the administrative maintenance state. No new traffic can be routed over the TE-Unk
- D. A soft maintenance state where new traffic is allowed for restoration
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The Shutting Down state is a transient state that occurs when a TE-link is set to maintenance mode in the NFM-T. In this state, the TE-link is not available for routing new LSPs, but the existing LSPs (SNCs) that use the TE-link are not immediately terminated. Instead, they are soft-rerouted, which means that they are gracefully switched to alternative paths without disrupting the traffic. The Shutting Down state lasts until all the SNCs on the TE-link are successfully soft-rerouted or forcefully terminated. After that, the TE-link transitions to the Administrative Maintenance state, where no traffic can be routed over the TE-link12.
References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which of the following parameters is not considered when restoring an LSP?
- A. Equipment vendor
- B. Maximum latency
- C. Coloring
- D. Reservation priority
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The equipment vendor is not a parameter that is considered when restoring an LSP. Restoration is the process of re-establishing an LSP after a failure by using an alternative path that meets the same constraints as the original LSP. The parameters that are considered when restoring an LSP include coloring, reservation priority, maximum latency, bandwidth, protection type, and other QoS attributes. The equipment vendor does not affect the restoration process as long as the nodes support GMPLS protocols and interoperate with each other. References : RFC 4427 - Recovery (Protection and Restoration) Terminology for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS), [Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia]
NEW QUESTION # 28
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Nokia 4A0-220 exam is a popular certification exam that is designed to test the skills and knowledge of individuals when it comes to Nokia's GMPLS-controlled optical networks. 4A0-220 exam is intended for experienced network engineers who want to deepen their understanding of the concepts and technologies associated with this field.
GMPLS (Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching) is a protocol used to control and manage optical networks. It enables efficient and dynamic routing of traffic over optical networks, providing high-speed, low-latency connectivity between devices. The Nokia 4A0-220 exam focuses on the practical application of GMPLS in managing optical networks, making it an essential certification for professionals working in this field.
Exam Questions for 4A0-220 Updated Versions With Test Engine: https://certblaster.prep4away.com/Nokia-certification/braindumps.4A0-220.ete.file.html