[May-2026] Download Real NCC EFM Exam Dumps Test Engine Exam Questions
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NEW QUESTION # 70
When documenting the occurrence of late decelerations in the medical record, what should be charted?
- A. Components of the tracing
- B. Notation that the tracing was normal or abnormal
- C. Tracing category
Answer: A
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From NCC-Aligned Sources:
According to NCC, AWHONN, and evidence-based documentation standards, clinicians must document:
* Baseline
* Variability
* Accelerations
* Decelerations (type, depth, duration, timing)
* Uterine activity
This fulfills the NICHD 3-tier system and legal documentation expectations.
Why the incorrect answers are wrong:
* B. "Normal/abnormal" # vague, not an acceptable documentation standard.
* C. Category alone # insufficient; categories must be supported by the components.
References:NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; AWHONN Documentation Standards; Menihan.
NEW QUESTION # 71
An internal electronic fetal monitor tracing continues to record artifact despite equipment troubleshooting and replacement of the spiral electrode. The next action is to:
- A. Provide oxygen
- B. Reposition the woman
- C. Auscultate the fetal heart rate
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract-Based NCC C-EFM References:
When internal monitoring continues to record artifact despite:
* Changing the scalp electrode
* Ensuring correct attachment
* Checking cable connections
* Confirming maternal movement is not the cause
NCC requires confirmation of fetal well-being using another modality.
The correct next step is direct auscultation with Doppler or fetoscope.
Why other answers are incorrect:
* Oxygen is not indicated for equipment malfunction.
* Repositioning does not resolve internal FHR artifact.
Thus, Auscultate the fetal heart rate is the appropriate next step.
References:NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; AWHONN; Miller's Pocket Guide; Menihan.
NEW QUESTION # 72
A 45-year-old woman at 36-weeks gestation presents for a nonstress test. Vital signs are:
* Maternal pulse rate: 86 beats per minute
* Blood pressure: 118/76 mm Hg
* Temperature: 36.7°C (98.1°F)
The next course of action would include:
- A. Discharge home
- B. Perform a Kleihauer-Betke test
- C. Induce labor
Answer: A
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From NCC-Aligned Sources:
The NST strip shows:
* Baseline FHR about 140 bpm
* Moderate variability
* Two or more accelerations meeting 15×15 criteria
* No decelerations
* Normal, infrequent contractions
Per NCC and AWHONN, a reactive NST is defined as:
* #2 accelerations of 15 bpm × 15 seconds in a 20-minute period
* With baseline 110-160 and moderate variability
* No recurrent decelerations
A reactive NST at 36 weeks in a hemodynamically stable mother with normal vitals is reassuring, and the appropriate disposition is routine follow-up and discharge.
Why the other options are incorrect:
* B. Induce labor - Not indicated solely on maternal age or a reactive NST.
* C. Kleihauer-Betke test - Used to quantify fetomaternal hemorrhage after trauma or sensitization risk; there is no such history here.
Therefore, the correct action is A. Discharge home.
References:NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; AWHONN Fetal Heart Monitoring Principles & Practices; Simpson & Creehan; Creasy & Resnik.
NEW QUESTION # 73
Prenatal diagnosis shows that a fetus has renal agenesis. During delivery, what type of electronic fetal heart rate pattern is most likely to be seen due to a common complication associated with this syndrome?
- A. Variable decelerations
- B. Late decelerations
- C. Fetal heart block
Answer: A
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From NCC-Aligned Sources:
Renal agenesis # severe oligohydramnios (due to absent fetal urine production).
Oligohydramnios causes:
* Cord compression
* Recurrent variable decelerations
* Possible prolonged decels from cord entrapment
This is one of the hallmark FHR complications in renal agenesis.
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Heart block - associated with maternal autoimmune antibodies, not renal anomalies.
* B. Late decelerations - associated with uteroplacental insufficiency, not fluid deficiency.
Correct answer: C. Variable decelerations.
References:NCC Physiology & Pattern Recognition; AWHONN FHMPP; Menihan; Simpson & Creehan; Creasy & Resnik.
NEW QUESTION # 74
A woman experiences an eclamptic seizure during the second stage of labor. An anticipated fetal heart rate abnormality post-seizure would be:
- A. Variable decelerations
- B. Sinusoidal pattern
- C. Bradycardia
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From NCC-Aligned Emergency Fetal Response Principles:
Following an eclamptic seizure:
* Maternal hypoxia, apnea, and intense sympathetic discharge occur
* Uteroplacental perfusion drops
* Fetus experiences acute hypoxemia
* The expected fetal heart rate response is a prolonged bradycardia
This is well-described in NCC and AWHONN emergency physiology:
* "Post-seizure fetal bradycardia is common and often resolves within 5-10 minutes as maternal oxygenation stabilizes." Why other answers are incorrect:
* B. Sinusoidal pattern - Rare and usually indicates fetal anemia, not post-seizure status.
* C. Variable decelerations - Associated with cord compression, not seizures.
Correct answer: A. Bradycardia
References:NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; AWHONN FHMPP; Menihan; Simpson & Creehan.
NEW QUESTION # 75
During amnioinfusion, the infusion should be stopped periodically to assess changes in:
- A. Contraction pattern
- B. Baseline uterine pressure
- C. Patient pain level
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract-Based NCC C-EFM References:
During amnioinfusion, NCC emphasizes monitoring for uterine overdistention, which can lead to uterine hypertonus, uterine rupture, or placental separation. The primary way to evaluate overdistention is by measuring baseline uterine pressure via IUPC.
* Rising resting tone (>20-25 mmHg) indicates accumulating fluid and risk.
* Stopping the infusion intermittently allows recalibration and assessment of uterine baseline pressure.
* Contraction pattern (option B) is important but not the primary safety parameter.
* Pain (option C) is nonspecific and not a reliable indicator of uterine overdistention.
Thus, the infusion is stopped to assess baseline uterine pressure.
References:NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; AWHONN Fetal Heart Monitoring Principles & Practices; Miller' s Fetal Monitoring Pocket Guide; Menihan Electronic Fetal Monitoring.
NEW QUESTION # 76
(Full question statement)
This tracing is consistent with:
- A. Fetal-maternal transfusion
- B. Effects of butorphanol administration
- C. Atrial flutter
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract Without Links:
NCC and AWHONN teaching materials describe that butorphanol, an opioid analgesic, characteristically produces a transient sinusoidal-like pattern or pseudo-sinusoidal pattern with moderate variability preserved.
This drug-related pattern has:
* smooth, regular oscillations
* maintained variability
* absence of true periodic decelerations
* resolution within 20-60 minutes
Simpson & Menihan describe butorphanol as producing a "saw-tooth, wavering pattern" often mistaken for dysrhythmia but actually benign.
True sinusoidal patterns (e.g., fetal-maternal hemorrhage) are fixed, smooth, non-variable patterns with absent variability, not matching the scenario.
Atrial flutter produces very rapid atrial contractions, which manifest as irregular baseline spikes-also not consistent.
Therefore, the described tracing aligns most closely with butorphanol effects.
NEW QUESTION # 77
This fetal heart rate pattern is classified as Category III based on:
- A. Contraction pattern
- B. Absent variability
- C. Type of deceleration
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract-Based NCC C-EFM References:
This tracing shows recurrent late decelerations accompanied by absent variability.
Per NICHD/NCC, a tracing is Category III if ANY of the following are present:
* Absent variability AND recurrent late decelerations
* Absent variability AND recurrent variable decelerations
* Absent variability AND bradycardia
* Sinusoidal pattern
In this strip:
* Variability is absent
* Decelerations are recurrent and late
The determining feature for the classification is absent variability, which indicates significant risk for fetal acidemia.
The contraction pattern (option B) does not determine category.
The deceleration type alone (option C) does not determine Category III without absent variability.
Thus, the classification is Category III because of absent variability.
References:NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; NICHD Three-Tier System; AWHONN Fetal Heart Monitoring Principles & Practices; Miller's Fetal Monitoring Pocket Guide; Menihan Electronic Fetal Monitoring.
NEW QUESTION # 78
The factor that differentiates a prolonged deceleration from bradycardia is:
- A. Baseline rate
- B. Length of time it lasts
- C. Relationship to contractions
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract-Based NCC C-EFM References:
NICHD/NCC definitions:
* Prolonged deceleration: decrease in FHR #15 bpm lasting 2 to 10 minutes
* Bradycardia: baseline FHR <110 bpm lasting #10 minutes
The differentiating factor is duration, not rate and not contraction relationship.
* Before 10 minutes # prolonged deceleration
* At or beyond 10 minutes # new baseline # bradycardia
Thus, the factor that differentiates the two is length of time it lasts.
References:NICHD FHR Definitions; NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; AWHONN; Miller; Menihan.
NEW QUESTION # 79
What is the appropriate interpretation of this tracing?
- A. Marked variability
- B. Tachycardia with variable decelerations
- C. Multiple prolonged accelerations
Answer: A
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract-Based NCC C-EFM References:
The tracing demonstrates:
* Baseline ~150 bpm
* Variability # 25 bpm amplitude, highly erratic and wide
* No sustained decelerations
* No sustained accelerations # 2 min
NICHD/NCC definition of marked variability:
Amplitude of baseline FHR fluctuations greater than 25 bpm.
Marked variability often reflects transient fetal autonomic instability due to:
* Fetal stimulation
* Mild hypoxemia
* Maternal anxiety
* Drugs (e.g., butorphanol)
Why other answers are incorrect:
* B. Multiple prolonged accelerations - No accelerations of #2 minutes are present.
* C. Tachycardia with variables - Baseline is NOT tachycardic (>160 bpm), and decelerations are not present.
Thus, the correct interpretation is A. Marked variability.
References:NICHD FHR Definitions; NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; AWHONN; Menihan; Simpson & Creehan.
NEW QUESTION # 80
A woman at 34-weeks gestation is in active labor after spontaneous rupture of membranes.
Accelerations should be documented as
- A. absent
- B. present 10×10
- C. present 15×15
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract (No URLs)
For fetuses before 32-34 weeks, the National Certification Corporation (NCC) follows the physiologic standards established by AWHONN, Simpson & Creehan, Menihan, and Creasy & Resnik, which emphasize that preterm fetuses have less mature autonomic nervous system development, resulting in smaller and shorter accelerations.
According to the NCC C-EFM Exam Content Outline (Pattern Recognition & Intervention) and the AWHONN Fetal Heart Monitoring Principles (2022-2024):
* Preterm fetuses (<32 weeks) normally demonstrate 10 bpm × 10 sec accelerations.
* By approximately 32-34 weeks, accelerations may begin transitioning toward 15×15, but the accepted standard for documentation at 34 weeks remains 10×10, unless clearly meeting 15×15 criteria.
* NCC emphasizes using gestational-age-appropriate criteria for documenting accelerations, because autonomic reactivity increases gradually and is not fully comparable to term until after
32-34 weeks.
Menihan's Electronic Fetal Monitoring also states that preterm fetuses "should be evaluated with the
10×10 rule until it is clear that the fetus is demonstrating mature 15×15 acceleratory capacity." Simpson & Creehan reinforce this point, noting that accelerations in late preterm gestations "may not consistently reach 15 bpm for 15 seconds, and thus 10×10 remains the appropriate designation." Since the patient is 34 weeks, the fetus is late-preterm and may not reliably meet the full 15×15 criteria; therefore, the correct documentation standard remains 10×10.
Thus, accelerations should be charted as:
"Present 10×10."
References
* NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide 2025 - Content Domain: Pattern Recognition and Intervention
* AWHONN Fetal Heart Monitoring Principles & Practices, 2022-2024
* Menihan: Electronic Fetal Monitoring: Concepts and Applications
* Simpson & Creehan: Perinatal Nursing
* Miller: Fetal Monitoring Pocket Guide
* Creasy & Resnik: Maternal-Fetal Medicine
NEW QUESTION # 81
A fetal heart rate pattern characteristic of fetal neurological injury and impending intrapartum fetal demise is:
- A. Recurrent late decelerations
- B. Marked variability
- C. Wandering baseline
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From NCC-Aligned Sources:
A wandering baseline is:
* A slow, fluctuating baseline
* Low amplitude
* No variability
* No accelerations
* Indicative of severe fetal neurologic injury and terminal fetal status NCC and AWHONN describe wandering baseline as a preterminal pattern.
Why the other answers are wrong:
* A. Marked variability # often transient and not associated with demise.
* B. Recurrent lates # concerning but not a neurological-injury pattern unless variability absent.
Correct answer: C. Wandering baseline.
References:NCC Pattern Recognition; AWHONN FHMPP; Menihan; Simpson & Creehan.
NEW QUESTION # 82
A pattern of recurrent variable decelerations would move from Category II to Category III if what fetal heart rate change occurs?
- A. Late decelerations
- B. Absent variability
- C. Tachysystole
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From NCC-Aligned Sources:
Category III criteria include:
* Absent variability with recurrent variable decelerations
* Absent variability with recurrent lates
* Absent variability with bradycardia
* Sinusoidal pattern
Thus, recurrent variables become Category III when accompanied by absent variability, indicating fetal decompensation.
Why the other answers are wrong:
* B. Late decelerations # Category III only if combined with absent variability.
* C. Tachysystole # Contraction pattern, not a FHR characteristic.
Correct answer: Absent variability.
References:NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; NICHD Definitions; AWHONN FHMPP.
NEW QUESTION # 83
A woman who is one week past a confirmed due date has serial ultrasounds to determine:
- A. Fetal weight
- B. Amniotic fluid volume
- C. Placental calcification
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From NCC-Aligned Sources:
Post-dates surveillance focuses on:
* Amniotic fluid volume (AFI or deepest vertical pocket)
* This is the most sensitive parameter of placental function
* Oligohydramnios is strongly associated with post-maturity and perinatal morbidity NCC and AWHONN emphasize amniotic fluid as the primary parameter for fetal well-being in post-term surveillance.
Why the incorrect answers are wrong:
* B. Fetal weight # inaccurate and not used for surveillance decisions.
* C. Placental calcification # poor predictor of fetal outcome and not used for management.
References:NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; ACOG post-dates management (summaries); Simpson & Creehan.
NEW QUESTION # 84
The success of interventions to treat fetal hypoxia first depends on:
- A. Improving maternal oxygenation
- B. Optimizing uteroplacental blood flow
- C. Minimizing uterine activity
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From NCC-Aligned Sources:
NCC/AWHONN emphasize that the primary goal of intrauterine resuscitation is to:
* Optimize uteroplacental blood flow, which restores fetal oxygen delivery.
Key measures include:
* Maternal repositioning (lateral)
* Reducing tachysystole
* IV fluid bolus
* Correcting maternal hypotension
* Stopping oxytocin
* Treating underlying causes
Improving maternal oxygenation is supportive, but improving uteroplacental perfusion is the critical first determinant of resuscitation success.
Why the other answers are not first priority:
* A. Oxygen - optional and no longer universally recommended unless maternal hypoxemia exists.
* B. Minimizing uterine activity - essential, but still secondary to restoring perfusion.
Correct answer: C. Optimizing uteroplacental blood flow
References:NCC Pattern Recognition & Intervention Domain; AWHONN FHMPP; Menihan; Simpson & Creehan.
NEW QUESTION # 85
Nonstress testing is used more frequently for antepartum testing than contraction stress testing because contraction stress testing has a:
- A. Low predictability of fetal well-being within 7 days of a negative test
- B. Higher frequency of equivocal test results
- C. Limited reporting option for the compromised fetus
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract-Based NCC C-EFM References:
NCC and AWHONN explain that Contraction Stress Testing (CST):
* Has a higher rate of equivocal ("equivocal-suspicious" or "equivocal-hyperstimulation") results
* Frequently must be repeated or replaced with other tests
* Requires inducing contractions, which carries risk (hyperstimulation, preterm labor, uterine rupture in scarred uterus) NST is used more commonly because it is:
* Noninvasive
* Easier to perform
* Has fewer contraindications
* Has a lower rate of equivocal results
Why the others are incorrect:
* B - CST does detect fetal compromise reliably and is NOT limited in its reporting structure.
* C - A negative CST actually has very high negative predictive value for 7 days, making this answer incorrect.
Thus the correct choice is A. Higher frequency of equivocal results.
References:NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; AWHONN; Menihan; Simpson & Creehan; Creasy & Resnik.
NEW QUESTION # 86
The ratio of oxyhemoglobin to the total amount of hemoglobin available is called oxygen
- A. carrying capacity
- B. saturation
- C. affinity
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract NCC-Recommended Sources Oxygen saturation refers to the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen. NCC physiology resources, including Simpson & Creehan and Creasy & Resnik, define oxygen saturation as the
"ratio of oxyhemoglobin to total hemoglobin"-the same definition used in fetal oxygenation discussions.
Oxygen affinity refers to hemoglobin's tendency to bind oxygen (related to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve).
Oxygen carrying capacity refers to the total amount of oxygen hemoglobin can transport, independent of current saturation.
AWHONN and Menihan emphasize that fetal oxygenation assessment is dependent on understanding oxygen saturation, not affinity or carrying capacity, when discussing fetal hypoxemia and gas exchange.
References:
AWHONN - Fetal Heart Monitoring Principles & PracticesSimpson & Creehan - Perinatal NursingCreasy & Resnik - Maternal-Fetal MedicineMenihan - EFM ConceptsMiller's Pocket Guide
NEW QUESTION # 87
The most common fetal heart rate pattern consistent with uterine rupture is
- A. loss of uterine pressure
- B. prolonged and variable decelerations
- C. absent variability
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract (NCC-Referenced Sources) According to AWHONN, Simpson, and NCC C-EFM physiologic competencies, uterine rupture commonly presents with:
* Sudden prolonged deceleration
* Recurrent variables
* Fetal bradycardia
* Possible loss of station, vaginal bleeding, maternal pain
AWHONN specifically lists:
"Prolonged deceleration is the most common initial fetal sign of uterine rupture." Absent variability can occur later, but it is not the most common initial pattern.
"Loss of uterine pressure" refers to loss of toco signal, not a fetal heart rate characteristic.
Therefore, NCC-validated interpretation: prolonged and variable decelerations.
NEW QUESTION # 88
A fetal heart rate tracing is abnormal. A change in maternal position and oxygen administration do not correct the pattern. Following birth, a fetal cord blood sample is taken:
pH = 7.25
PaCO# = 46 mm Hg
PaO# = 20 mm Hg
HCO# = 22 mEq/L
Base deficit = -4 mEq/L
These results are best interpreted as:
- A. Hypoxia
- B. Acidosis
- C. Normal
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From NCC-Aligned Sources:
Normal umbilical arterial values per NCC/AWHONN/Menihan:
* pH: 7.20-7.30
* PaCO#: 45-55 mmHg
* HCO#: 20-24 mEq/L
* Base deficit: 0 to -5 (normal to mild respiratory changes)
This sample shows:
* pH 7.25 # normal
* Base deficit -4 # no metabolic acidosis
* HCO# normal
* Slightly elevated PaCO#, consistent with mild respiratory influence but still normal
* PaO# 20 mmHg is normal for cord arterial blood
This profile is not acidotic (acidosis requires pH <7.10 and base deficit #12).
It also does not indicate hypoxia, which would present with metabolic acidosis.
Therefore: Normal.
References:NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; AWHONN FHMPP; Menihan; Simpson & Creehan; Creasy & Resnik.
NEW QUESTION # 89
Sustained fetal supraventricular tachycardia that goes untreated is most likely to result in:
- A. The need for a neonatal pacemaker
- B. Hydrops fetalis
- C. Fetal anemia
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract-Based NCC C-EFM References:
Sustained fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) often produces heart rates > 200-240 bpm, causing:
* Poor ventricular filling
* Decreased stroke volume
* Reduced cardiac output
* Congestive heart failure
* Progressive fluid accumulation
NCC and AWHONN emphasize that untreated SVT leads to hydrops fetalis, characterized by:
* Ascites
* Pleural effusion
* Pericardial effusion
* Skin edema
Why the other answers are incorrect:
* A. Fetal anemia - Causes tachycardia but is not caused by SVT.
* C. Neonatal pacemaker - Pacemakers treat heart block, not SVT.
Correct answer: B. Hydrops fetalis
References:NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide; AWHONN Principles & Practices; Simpson & Creehan; Creasy
& Resnik Maternal-Fetal Medicine.
NEW QUESTION # 90
A woman at 36-weeks gestation comes in because of uterine contractions radiating to the back. She has no insurance. In accordance with the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA), she is obligated to be:
- A. Admitted without delay
- B. Stabilized and receive a medical screening examination
- C. Transferred to a safety-net hospital
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract-Based NCC C-EFM References:
NCC's Professional Issues domain includes EMTALA obligations for pregnant patients. EMTALA requires that ANY individual who presents to a hospital emergency department-regardless of insurance status- must receive:
* A Medical Screening Examination (MSE)
* Stabilization of any identified emergency medical condition (including labor)
* No transfer unless the patient requests it or the hospital cannot provide necessary stabilizing care This patient reports contractions at 36 weeks, which qualifies as a potential emergency medical condition until ruled out by the medical screening exam.
Correct obligations per EMTALA:
* She must NOT be transferred solely due to lack of insurance (option C).
* She does NOT need to be admitted unless labor is confirmed (option A).
* She must receive a medical screening examination and stabilization (option B).
Thus, the correct answer is B. Stabilized and receive a medical screening examination.
References:NCC C-EFM Candidate Guide (Professional Issues); EMTALA Statutory Requirements; AWHONN Fetal Heart Monitoring Principles & Practices.
NEW QUESTION # 91
This is a tracing of a multiparous woman in the second stage of labor. The vertex is at +3 station. This pattern has continued for the last 20 minutes. She has been pushing for 2½ hours, and oxytocin is infusing at 12 milliunits/minute. Management should include
- A. preparing for cesarean birth
- B. increasing the oxytocin
- C. preparing for operative vaginal birth
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (From NCC C-EFM-Referenced Sources) According to NCC C-EFM content guidance and AWHONN Fetal Heart Monitoring Principles (2022), recurrent variable and late patterns in second stage with descent to +2/+3 station require consideration of expediting delivery, especially when maternal effort is prolonged and oxytocin augmentation is already present.
Menihan & Simpson emphasize that with prolonged second stage, continued pushing beyond 2-3 hours, and vertex at +3 station, the evidence-based next step is operative vaginal birth, provided prerequisites are met. Cesarean is not indicated when the fetal head is already low and deliverable vaginally.
AWHONN and Creasy & Resnik state that increasing oxytocin when facing fetal stress and prolonged second stage is contraindicated, because tachysystole worsens fetal oxygenation and increases risk of fetal compromise.
Exact Extract Concepts Referenced:
- "Expedited delivery is recommended when recurrent decelerations persist in second stage and the head is low enough for operative vaginal birth." (AWHONN Principles)
- "Oxytocin should be reduced or discontinued in the presence of nonreassuring patterns." (Simpson, Obstetric Interventions)
- "Operative vaginal delivery is appropriate with full dilation, engaged head, and prolonged second stage." (Menihan, Simpson; Creasy & Resnik)
NEW QUESTION # 92
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